Dreas Healthcare
Glossary of Chiropractic Terminology
A
Activator - A spring-loaded adjusting instrument that utilizes an extremely rapid pulse to help restore normal functioning in the body.
Acupressure - The practice of applying; pressure on parts of the body to relieve pain.
Acupuncture - The practice of inserting fine needles on specific meridian points for the purpose of relieving tension, stress, and pain. Highly useful in the treatment and relief of back pain.
Acute - Of short duration and relatively severe.
Acute back pain - Back pain that lasts a short while, usually a few days to several weeks. Episodes lasting longer than three months are not considered acute.
Addiction - Psychological, emotional, or physical dependence on the effects of a drug.
Adjustment - A form of manipulation, where the application of force is of a high velocity - low amplitude thrust. This type of manipulation can be likened to quickly pulling an apple off of a branch to obtain the specific apple, as opposed to pulling the apple slowly and obtaining multiple apples.
A Chiropractic adjustment is performed by using the hands to gently "adjust" misaligned vertebrae back into their proper position. Because chiropractors work on a variety of people from newborns to the elderly, gentleness is always a priority.
A specific directional thrust maneuver or application of forces applied to a subluxated vertebra that sets the vertebra into motion with the intent to reduce and/or correct the vertebral misalignment, thus improving the neurological component of the vertebral subluxation complex along with vivification of the affected tissues and body functions.
Adrenal Glands - Small glands located on the kidneys that produce the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol.
Adrenaline - A hormone that stimulates metabolism, increases alertness and increases blood pressure.
Aerobic Exercises - These kinds of exercises generally involve large muscle groups and foster a strong and healthy heart and lung function.
Afferentation - The process of stimulating receptors of a specific type from the peripheral nervous system into the central nervous system.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) - The final and most serious stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system. AIDS begins when a person with HIV infection has a CD4 cell count below 200. (CD4 is also called "T-cell", a type of immune cell.) AIDS is also defined by numerous opportunistic infections and cancers that occur in the presence of HIV infection. AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among persons between ages 25 and 44 in the United States.
Alternative Medicine - The use of various non-drug, non-surgical related therapies. Using natural means of treatment.
Amino Acid - The basic unit from which proteins are made. There are two classes of amino acids: essential and non-essential. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be manufactured by the body and must be attained from the diet. Non-essential amino acids are those that the body can synthesize from other amino acids.
Anabolism - The metabolic process of building new tissue. Typically used in relation to building muscle, ligaments and tendons.
Analgesics - Medicines that are used to relieve pain - aspirin is an example.
Anesthesiologist - A physician who specializes in giving drugs or other agents that block, prevent, or relieve pain.
Ankylosing Spondylitis - A chronic, progressive, rheumatic disease of the spine that causes calcification of the spinal ligaments, resulting in a loss of movement.
Anomaly - A marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital or hereditary defect (s).
Annulus Fibrosis or just Annulus - The tough outer layer of the intervertebral disc. Cartilage-like material formed in a series of rings surrounding the nucleus pulposus (soft center) of a disc. (The tough outer ring of a spinal disc.)
Arthritis - A general term referring to a condition of the joints. Literally it refers to an inflammation of the joints. There are many types of arthritides. The form which will inflict many people as they age is known as osteoarthritis. Other types include rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis.
Doctors have not found a cure for Arthritis; however, new treatment for this disease has greatly improved the quality of life for patients with arthritis. Doctors of Chiropractic will customize a pain management program of physical therapy and spinal adjustments that fits the patient’s needs.
Preventive care is also an important consideration in regards to arthritis. As the disease develops spinal fusion can occur resulting in greater loss of mobility and increased pain. Your Doctor of Chiropractic will thoroughly evaluate your condition in order to design a treatment program that will hopefully prevent or slow down the process.
If you have arthritis or if you think you do, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Autonomic Nervous System - The part of the nervous system that is responsible for controlling the involuntary functions in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, blood pressure, etc.
B
Back Extension - Backward bending of the spine.
Back Flexion - Forward bending of the spine.
Backache - Back pain is one of the most common ailments treated by Doctors of Chiropractic. Symptoms can be anything from pain to stiffness, numbness, burning sensations or all of the above. Your Doctor of Chiropractic will evaluate your condition by thorough examination looking for any subluxations of the spine. A subluxation is a minor misalignment of the spine "vertebra" causing an irritation to the nerve with a loss of normal function by interrupting communication from the brain to any cell tissue or organ in the body. Subluxations can be treated by a Doctor of Chiropractic through spinal adjustments and physical therapy/ rehab.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Bariatric Surgery - Surgery on the stomach and/or intestines to help the patient with extreme obesity lose weight. Bariatric surgery is a last-resort weight-loss method used for people who have a body mass index (BMI) in excess of 40.
Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) - Also known as the basal metabolic rate.; The number of calories that your body needs for basic processes such as digestion, breathing, brain function, etc.
Bells Palsy - An affliction of the nerves of the face that can cause excruciating, piercing pain with accompanying muscles spasms and facial contortions.Â
" Big Idea " - The chiropractic concept that the body heals itself when interference to the proper functioning of the nervous system is removed.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) - A way to estimate the amount of body weight that is fat and nonfat. Nonfat weight comes from bone, muscle, body water, organs, and other body tissues. BIA works by measuring how difficult it is for a harmless electrical current to move through the body. The more fat a person has, the harder it is for electricity to flow through the body. The less fat a person has, the easier it is for electricity to flow through the body. By measuring the flow of electricity, one can estimate body fat percent.
Body Composition Score (BCS) - A measure that combines body weight, percentage of body fat, waist circumference and hip circumference into one score. The BCS is a more accurate measure of weight loss progress than simply measuring body weight.
Body mass index (BMI) - A measure of body weight relative to height. BMI can be used to determine if people are at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese. A body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 up to 25 refers to a healthy weight, a BMI of 25 up to 30 refers to overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher refers to obese.
Bodywork - A general term that relates to a wide variety of hands-on therapies, such as massage and some movement therapies.
Bone Spur - An extra calcium deposit in response to injury, disease or incorrect motion of position of a joint.
Bulging Disc - The annulus portion of the lumbar disc weakens causing the nucleus to press against it resulting in the annulus pinching or pressing against a nerve causing pain.
Bursitis - A condition in which the bursa, or fluid filled sacks that cushion joints, become swollen.
C
C.A. - Abbreviation for "chiropractic assistant."
Calorie - A unit of energy in food. Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. Proteins have 4 calories per gram. Fat has 9 calories per gram.
Carbohydrate - A major source of energy in the diet. There are two kinds of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are sugars, while complex carbohydrates include both starches and fiber. Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. They are found naturally in foods such as breads, cereals, fruits, vegetables, and milk and dairy products. Foods such as sugar cereals, soft drinks, fruit drinks, fruit punch, lemonade, cakes, cookies, pies, ice cream, and candy are very rich in sugars.
Cardiovascular System - The system in your body responsible for distributing blood throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
Catabolism - The metabolic process of breaking down tissues. Typically refers to the breakdown of muscle, bone, ligaments and tendons.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - A progressive and sometimes painful joint disorder caused by a compression of the median nerve of your hand. The compression causes swelling, which exerts pressure on the nerves.
Cartilage - A connective tissue that lines the ends of bones and most joints. It lines the facet joints of the spine.
Cauda Equina - A region at the lower end of the spinal column in which nerve roots branch out in a fashion that resembles a horse's tail.
Cavitation - Pop that occurs in a spinal joint when vertebral surfaces (facets) are separated to create a vacuum that puts out carbon dioxide gas.
Cerebellum - The part of the brain that controls balance, posture and coordination of muscular movements.
Cerebral Cortex - The part of your brain that coordinates all sensory and motor activities. Different areas of it are specifically associated with memory, learning and behavior.
Cervical spine - The upper spinal area, consisting of seven vertebrae, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7. Also called the neck (see Cervical Vertebrae).
Cervical Vertebrae - There are seven vertebrae in the cervical or neck area of the spine.
Chiropractic - Comes from the Greek words, "chiro," meaning hand, and "practic," meaning practice. The science, art and philosophy of treating the articulations of the human frame to affect a response in the nervous system.
The practice of chiropractic focuses on the relationship between structure (primarily the spine) and function (as coordinated by the nervous system) and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health.
Of primary concern to the doctor of chiropractic are abnormalities of structure or function of the vertebral column known clinically as the vertebral subluxation complex. The subluxation complex includes any alteration of the biomechanical and physiological dynamics of contiguous spinal structures, which can cause neuronal disturbances. In summation; Chiropractic is a form of health care that focuses primarily on restoring normal position, motion and function in the body's structures; especially the spine.
Chiropractic adjustment - This term refers to a wide variety of specific manual interventions that may be high or low velocity; short or long lever; high or low amplitude; with or without recoil.
Chiropractic adjustments are directed at specific anatomical regions of the vertebral spine. The purpose of the Chiropractic adjustment is to correct vertebral subluxations, which can cause alteration of the biomechanical and physiological dynamics of contiguous spinal structures and manifest neuronal disturbances.
Chiropractic Analysis - A chiropractic analysis is performed on a routine basis to determine the patient's need for spinal adjustments. A chiropractic analysis may include (but certainly is not limited to) two or more of the following procedures: instrumentation (skin temperature differential analysis), chiropractic x-ray analysis, spinal static and motion palpation, postural analysis, leg-length comparison tests, muscle strength measures, and other chiropractic analysis procedures.
C - continued
Chiropractic Practice Objective - The primary professional practice objective of chiropractic is to reduce or correct vertebral subluxations and other malpositioned articulations and structures in a safe and effective manner.
Chiropractor - Also known as a doctor of chiropractic (D.C.), diagnoses and treats a broad range of physical conditions in patients with muscular, nervous, and skeletal problems, especially the spine.
Chronic - Persisting for a long period of time.
Chronic Pain - Pain that has lasted for more than three months generally having significant psychological and emotional affects and limiting a person's ability to fully function.
Cholesterol - A fat-like substance that is made by the body and is found naturally in animal foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Foods high in cholesterol include liver and organ meats, egg yolks, and dairy fats. Cholesterol is carried in the blood. When cholesterol levels are too high, some of the cholesterol is deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. Over time, the deposits can build up causing the blood vessels to narrow and blood flow to decrease. The cholesterol in food, like saturated fat, tends to raise blood cholesterol, which increases the risk for heart disease. Total blood cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl are considered high. Levels between 200-239 mg/dl are considered borderline high. Levels under 200 mg/dl are considered desirable.
Cortisol - A hormone that is released from the adrenal glands in response to stress that facilitates fat storage and has a catabolic affect on muscle and connective tissue.
Coccyx - The small bone at the lower tip of the spine. Also called the tailbone, a triangular-shaped bone at the bottom of the lumbar area.
Cognitive Restructuring - A therapy whose emphasis is on learning to recognize and then change, or restructure thought processes, reframing thoughts in less stressful terms. Learning to make molehills out of mountains.
Common Headache - Common headaches are only common because they are so familiar. Still, the pain can be excruciating, and the common headache can drastically affect your normal activities of daily living. Doctors of Chiropractic have discovered these headaches can be due to muscular contractions at the back of the head and neck due to spinal degeneration of the cervical spine. Through a comprehensive evaluation of the cervical vertebra we can determine if there is a casual relationship to your headache. Often the solution to your problem is just a matter of determining the cause of muscle tightness in your neck. Remember, it is important to realize that you don't have to suffer with the common headache.
If you suffer from the common headache, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Complementary Medicine - The use of various non-drug, non-surgical related therapies. Using natural means of treatment.
Compressed Nerve - Material from a bulging or Herniated disk pushes against a nerve in the spinal cord causing severe pain.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan - A sophisticated x-ray using a computer to produce a detailed cross-sectional three-dimensional picture of the bone and discs.
Consultation - A specific time set aside between the physician and either the patient and/or family member or interested person for the purpose of discussing the history of the complaint, the complaint and or proposed treatment recommendations.
Cordotomy - Surgery to cut some of the fibers of the spinal cord; used to relieve pain.
Cranial Nerves - 12 pairs of specialized nerves that have their origins within the cranium or brain cavity.
Cranio-Sacral Therapy - A manual therapy focusing on manipulation of the bones in the skull and sacrum.
Cyclooxygenase - An enzyme that comes in two forms, I and II. Type I maintains body functions. Type II is associated with the development of inflammation. Aspirin inhibits I and II. COX-2 drugs inhibit Type II only.
D
Degeneration - A wear and tear phenomena. When the joints of the body wear out, it is referred to as osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease.
Degenerative Arthritis - The wearing away of cartilage that protects and cushions joints including those in the spine, hands and feet (see Osteoarthritis).
Degenerative Disc Disease - A general term applied to degeneration of the lumbar spinal discs which serve as cushions between the spinal vertebrae, resulting in a narrowing of the disc space.
Diabetes Mellitus - A disease that occurs when the body is not able to use blood glucose (sugar). Blood sugar levels are controlled by insulin, a hormone in the body that helps move glucose (sugar) from the blood to muscles and other tissues. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body does not respond to the insulin that is made.
Disc - A cartilage (cushion/pad) that separates spinal vertebrae, absorbs shock to the spine, and helps protect the nervous system.
Disc Annulus - The outer lining of a disk (see Annulus Fibrosis).
Disc Degeneration - Drying, thinning of the disc as a result of accelerated wear and tear.
Disc Nucleus - The inner core of a disk (see Nucleus Pulposus).
Discectomy - Surgical removal of part or the entire herniated intervertebral disc.
Disease (Chiropractic Definition) - The absence of health, a condition where the body has lost its ability to heal itself and is thereby susceptible to growth of organisms that are present in the body even in healthy situations.
Disease - The word disease is a combination of “dis†and “easeâ€. Dis is a prefix meaning apart from. It follows then that dis-ease is nothing more than a lack of comfort, a loss of harmony in the system. Chiropractors believe that instead of treating disease with chemicals and invasive procedures, whenever possible, first treat dis-ease with the reduction or elimination of nerve interference, thereby giving the patient a chance to recover naturally before resorting to drugs and surgery.
Dynamic thrust - Chiropractic adjustment delivered suddenly and forcefully to move vertebrae, often resulting in a popping sound.
E
Electrical Muscle Stimulation - Physiological therapeutic introduction of electrical stimulation at a predetermined frequency, intensity and rate for the purpose of achieving a physiological response.
Electrical Nerve Stimulation - A type of physical therapy treatment that utilizes various frequencies and wave forms of electrical current, which have therapeutic effects on the nervous and musculoskeletal systems.
Electromyography (EMG) - Procedure that tests nerves and muscles providing information to help determine if surgery may be required.
End Plate - The cartilage between the bone of the vertebrae and the disc, to serve as attachment point for the fibers of the disc.
Endorphins - Chemical messengers released by the body during vigorous exercise that stimulate the brain to feel good, happy and relaxed.
Energy expenditure - The amount of energy, measured in calories, that a person uses. Calories are used by people to breathe, circulate blood, digest food, and be physically active.
Epidural Injection - Into the spinal column but outside of the spinal cord.
Examination - A specific time the physician takes to look at the current status of the patient. Can represent several levels of examination from cursory to complex.
Exercise - Exercise is physical activity that is planned or structured. It involves repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness: cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, endurance, flexibility and body composition.
Exercise Therapy - A form of chiropractic treatment used to help manage pain, rehabilitate damaged soft tissues, such as muscles, ligament, and tendons, and restore normal range of motion and function.
Extensor Muscles - Muscles that cause your joints to straighten, such as the back and gluteus muscles that help keep your back straight.
F
Fat - A major source of energy in the diet. All food fats have 9 calories per gram. Fat helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, and carotenoids. Some kinds of fats, especially saturated fats, [see definition] may cause blood cholesterol to increase and increase the risk for heart disease. Other fats, such as unsaturated fats do not increase blood cholesterol. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids.
Facet (also known as Facet Joints) - The surface of the weight bearing portion of the vertebrae, a part of the posterior joints of the vertebrae. These joints are above and below each intervertebral disc, allowing the spine to bend. The paired joints located in the posterior portion of the vertebral bodies connecting the spine. These joints are part of the stabilizing mechanism for the spine.
Facet Joint Syndrome - Pain resulting from degeneration, wear, pressure exerted on and inflammation of the facet joints, which are the joints at the back of each vertebrae linking the vertebrae together.
Fascia - A band of connective tissue separating muscles and organs in the body.
Fibromyalgia - A condition that causes pain in muscles, joints, ligaments and tendons.
Fibrositis - Pain arising from damaged tendons or muscles.
Flexor Muscles - The muscles that cause your joints to bend, such as your biceps muscle on the front of your upper arm or your abdominal muscles.
Foraminal Stenosis - Narrowing of a vertebral opening.
Fusion - In regard to the spine, a surgical procedure to unite two or more vertebrae with bone graft with or without metal supports resulting in immobilization of that portion.
G
Gatekeeper - Health care professional designated to exercise responsibly for, and control of, the utilization of health care services, e.g., D.C., M.D., D.O., D.P.M., D.D.S., D.D.M.
Gestational Diabetes - A type of diabetes mellitus that can occur when a woman is pregnant. In the second half of her pregnancy, a woman may have glucose (sugar) in her blood at a higher than normal level. In about 95 percent of cases, blood sugar returns to normal after the pregnancy is over. Women who develop gestational diabetes, however, are at risk for developing Type II diabetes later in life.
Ghrelin - A hormone released from the stomach and the small intestine that creates the sensation of hunger.
Glucagon - A hormone released from the pancreas that elevates blood sugar by stimulating the release of glucose stores in the liver and muscle.
Glucose - A building block for most carbohydrates. Digestion causes carbohydrates to break down into glucose. After digestion, glucose is carried in the blood and goes to body cells where it is used for energy or stored.
Glycemic Index - A measure of a food's ability to raise the body's blood glucose level. Foods that have a low glycemic index do not raise blood glucose levels to nearly the extent of high glycemic index foods.
Golfer's Elbow - A type of elbow pain that originates near the inside part of the bony protrusion. This type of pain is also caused by a tear or rupture in the tendon supporting the elbow bone.
H
Health - The state of optimal physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Healthy Weight - As compared to overweight or obese, a body weight that is less likely to be linked with any weight-related health problems such as Type II diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, or others. A person with a body fat percentage between 18% - 22% (depending on age) are considered to be at a healthy weight.
Heat Therapy - A form of therapy often used in patients who have chronic, or long-lasting pain. Heat therapy can involve many kinds of methods, from simple heating pads, wraps, and warm gel packs, to sophisticated techniques such as therapeutic ultrasound. While ice therapy is used to reduce swelling, heat therapy is used to relax the muscles and increase circulation. Both kinds of therapy help reduce pain.
Herniated Disc - A disc that protrudes from its normal position between two vertebrae, due to an injury to the annulus; frequently associated with the nucleus of the disc oozing out of the center of the disk.
Herniation - Condition of the intervertebral disc, whereby some of the material which makes up the disc shifts to a position which irritates the nearby nerve for that spinal area.
High Blood Pressure - See Hypertension.
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) - A form of cholesterol that circulates in the blood. Commonly called "good" cholesterol. High HDL lowers the risk of heart disease. An HDL of 60 mg/dl or greater is considered high and is protective against heart disease. An HDL less than 40 mg/dl is considered low and increases the risk for developing heart disease.
Hip Circumference - A measurement of the hips, including the widest portion of the buttocks, used in conjunction with the waist circumference, body weight and percent body fat to calculate the body composition score.
Home Therapy - Activities the patient can do, under the instructions of the chiropractic physician, to assist in their recovery; includes ice/heat, exercises, diet and moderation of activities of daily living.
Homeostasis - This is the tendency to maintain, or the maintenance of, normal, internal stability in an organism by coordinated responses of the organ systems that automatically compensate for changes in the organism.
Hypertension - A resting blood pressure that is greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Hypertension is associated with an increasee risk of heart disease and stroke.
Hypesthesia - An increased sensitivity to nerve stimulation
Hypothalamus - A small area of the brain that is a main control center for regulating eating and sleeping behavior in humans. It has binding sites for several hormones including ghrelin and leptin.
I
Ice Massage - A form of therapy involving the application of ice to treat many kinds of injuries, including those associated with back or neck pain. Ice causes the veins in the affected tissue area to constrict. This reduces the flow of blood while acting as kind of anesthetic to numb the pain. But when the ice is removed, the veins compensate by opening large, allowing a large volume of blood to rush to the affected area. The blood brings with it important chemicals that aid in the healing process.
Ideal body weight - The weight that your body would be if you had a 20% body fat. Calculated by multiplying your current lean body mass by 1.2.
Imagery - A method of pain relief that uses mental images produced by memory or imagination.
Immune System - The system of glands and physiological responses to invasion of foreign organisms.
Immunity - The status of resistance to invasion of foreign bodies to the host.
Inflammation - A pathologic process associated with redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. This process destroys tissues but is also associated with the repair and healing of body structures.
Innate Intelligence, aka Innate - An inborn intelligence that keeps the body of all living things in repair. The mission of Innate Intelligence is to maintain the material of the body of the living thing in active organization.
Insulin - A hormone in the body that helps move glucose from the blood to muscles and other tissues. Insulin controls blood sugar levels.
Intensive Care - Frequent treatment designed to get pain or symptom relief as quickly as possible; does not imply a cure of the underlying cause.
Intervertebral Disk - The tough cartilage that serves as a cushion between two vertebrae. Each disk has a gelatinous-like center (nucleus pulposus) that may protrude to form a disk herniation.
Instrument Adjustment - A form of chiropractic adjustment using a spring-loaded device called an Activator.
Interferential Current (IFC) - A form of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy in which high-frequency electrical impulses are introduced deep into the tissues near the center of the pain.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome - A condition that is characterized by a combination of abdominal pain and altered bowel function.
J
Joint - The area between two bones where movement occurs. If movement is abnormal, pain and degeneration may occur.
Joint fixation - Diminished movement within a joint space.
Joint dysfunction - A condition, whereby the joints of a particular area are not moving properly. Any sort of physical trauma may bring this about, along with proposed chemical or mental causes.
K
Kinesiology - The study of muscles and their relation to movement and pain relief.
Kyphosis - Normal curve of the thoracic spine. Also describes an excess curvature of the thoracic spine called a "dowager's hump." This is a common occurrence in people with osteoporosis.
L
Laminectomy - A surgical procedure that removes a portion of the plate that serves as the back of the spinal canal. This decompression procedure is performed for treatment of herniated intervertebral discs and spinal stenosis.
Leptin - A hormone produced by the small intestine that signals the brain to stop eating. People who are overweight will often have a diminished leptin response in the brain. - Ligament - Strong, dense bands of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support, stabilize and strengthen joints.
Lipoprotein - Compounds of protein that carry fats and fat-like substances, such as cholesterol, in the blood.
Local Anesthetics - Drugs that block nerve conduction in the region where it is applied.
Long-lever manipulation - Method of spinal manipulation in which a general technique is used to stretch or loosen several vertebrae at a time.
Lordosis - The curve in the cervical and lumbar spine. An abnormal accentuated arch in the lower back swayback.
Lower Back Pain - It is said eight out of ten of us suffer from some kind of lower back pain. Research shows that the majority of such pain is caused by a mechanical misalignment in one or more segments of the lower or lumbar spine. The spinal column provides protection for the spinal cord. It is made up of segments called "vertebra", which must be positioned correctly in order to function properly and have a normal range of motion. When the lower vertebra is out of alignment, the discs, the spines shock absorber, can swell or tear causing it to bulge or herniate. This bulging can pinch the nerve between the vertebra producing pain, numbness, tingling or burning sensations. This condition can be treated by a Doctor of Chiropractic through spinal adjustments and physical therapy/ rehab. Which can correct the misalignment in the low back region of the spinal cord.
If you are experiencing low back pain, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) - A form of cholesterol that circulates in the blood. Commonly called "bad" cholesterol. High LDL increases the risk of heart disease. An LDL less than 100 mg/dl is considered optimal,100-129 mg/dl is considered near or above optimal, 130-159 mg/dl is considered borderline high, 160-189 mg/dl is considered high, and 190 mg/dl or greater is considered very high.
Lumbalgia - A general term meaning low back pain (See Low Back Pain).
Lumbar - When discussing the spinal column, this refers to a region of the low back, the lower five weight bearing vertebrae that are located between the thoracic vertebrae and the sacrum.
M
Manipulation - A non-specific manual procedure that involves a general thrust to move a joint.
Massage Therapy - A general term to describe various bodywork techniques.
Maximum heart rate - A person's maximum heart rate is based on their age. An estimate of a person's maximum age-related heart rate can be obtained by subtracting the person's age from 220. For example, for a 50-year-old person, the estimated maximum heart rate would be calculated as: 220 - 50 = 170 beats per minute. The maximum heart rate is important for measuring whether exercise is classified as moderate-intensity (50% - 70% of maximum) or vigorous-intensity (70% - 85% of maximum).
Mechanoreceptor - A specialized nerve ending that has been found to influence the neurological response of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves.
Meditation - A general term for numerous practices where one focuses awareness on one thing such as breath or a short phrase in order to quiet the mind.
Meric System - Chiropractic system based on the theory that specific spinal joints are associated with specific organs, requiring adjustment of certain vertebrae for certain diseases.
Metabolism - All of the processes that occur in the body that turn the food you eat into energy your body can use.
Migraine Headache - Do you know that 15 million Americans suffer from migraine headaches. There are many reasons for migraine headaches. Doctors of Chiropractic have discovered one of the most common reasons is cervical spinal degeneration, a misalignment and straightening of the neck that puts pressure on the nerves and arteries, causing them to swell. With less blood and oxygen reaching the brain a headache develops. By adjusting the cervical vertebra, less pressure is put on the nerves and arteries allowing blood and oxygen to f low to the brain. Most headaches can successfully be treated by a Doctor of Chiropractic through spinal adjustments.
If you are a migraine sufferer, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Misalignment - A radiographic finding, usually measured in millimeters, that represents one or more segment of the spine out of alignment with adjacent segments of the spine.
Mobilization - Method of manipulation, movement, or stretching to increase range of motion in muscles and joints that does not involve a high-velocity thrust.
Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity - To be classified as moderate-intensity, physical activity generally requires sustained, rhythmic movements of an intense enough level to elevate heart rate to 50% - 70% of maximum heart rate. A person should feel some exertion but should be able to carry on a conversation comfortably during the activity.
Monounsaturated fat - Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fat is found in canola oil, olives and olive oil, nuts, seeds, and avocados. Eating food that has more monounsaturated fat instead of saturated fat may help lower cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk. However, it has the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess.
Motion Palpation - Method of locating fixations and loss of mobility in the spine by feeling the motion of specific spinal segments as the patient moves.
Motor - Neurological term to represent that portion of the nerve or joint responsible for activity or motion.
MRI (Magnetic Resonace Imaging) - A diagnostic tool that subjects the patient’s body to magnetic radio frequency energy to induce an energy reading that the MRI computer interprets as images based upon water content and the hydrogen ion, non-invasive and non-radioactive, used to see internal structures of the body, including bone, discs, and nerves without the use of x-rays. Overall, the most useful technique in the investigation of spinal abnormalities.
Muscle Tension - A state where the muscles are in a general state of contraction.
Muscle Spasm (Fibrositis) - Each of us have over 600 voluntary muscles in our bodies that work together to control even the simplest of movements. Muscles work in conjunction with joints, such as cartilage, and bones to provide motion. When the spinal vertebra become misaligned and irritated, it disrupts the nerve muscle relationship and causes a muscle spasm. These symptoms can be treated by a Doctor of Chiropractic through spinal adjustments. Left alone they can become permanent causing chronic pain. Muscle pain can also be a symptom of a more serious problem and should be addressed immediately.
If you suffer from muscle spasms, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Muscles - Soft tissues that provide strength and assist with motor ability, or movement. Spinal muscles support your spine as it bends and flexes.
Musculoskeletal - Referring to structures involving tendons, muscles, ligaments, and joints.
Myofascial Pain - Referred pain caused by trigger points, or hard nodules in muscle tissue.
Myofascial Release - Releasing the fascia (the sheath around a muscle) by gentle movements.
N
Narcotic - Pain relieving drug related in action and structure to the opiates. A powerful pain-relieving drug associated with potential to cause significant alteration of mood and dependence following repeated administration.
Neck & Head Pain - A stiff neck can sometimes come from nowhere. Actually the problem could have very well been developing for quite sometime. The neck consists of seven small bones collectively know as the cervical spine. They support the 22 bones of the head. The delicate curvature of these areas must be maintained for normal blood flow and nerve function. It is this curvature that can change over a period of time due to many things such as trauma, poor posture, stress or poorly performed exercises. A Doctor of Chiropractic will examine the cervical vertebra to determine if the problem relates to the spine or the muscle and the ligaments around the spine. Subluxations can be treated by a Doctor of Chiropractic through spinal adjustments.
If you suffer from head and neck pain, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Nerves - Specialized cells that use chemical reactions to send an impulse from the outside world to the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve Block - Pain relief method in which an anesthetic is injected into a nerve.
Nerve Root - One of the two nerve bundles emerging from the spinal cord that join to form a segmental spinal nerve.
Nervous System - The system of nerves including the brain, the cranial nerves, the spinal cord, the spinal nerves, and the peripheral nerves; includes the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nerves.
Neurocalometer - The heat-detecting instrument originally developed in 1924 for locating subluxated vertebrae.
Neurologist - A physician who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system.
Neuropeptide Y - Is the key hunger transmitter in the brain. It signals the hypothalamus to eat. The action of neuropeptide Y is the opposite of that of leptin.
Neurosurgeon - A physician who specializes in surgery on the brain, nerves, and spinal cord.
Neurotransmitter - A chemical produced in the brain that sends messages between nerve cells.
Nociceptors - Specialized nerve receptor (neuron) that is stimulated by injury; a receptor for pain.
Nucleus Pulposus - Soft spongy gel-like center of a spinal (intervertebral) disc.
Nutrition - The relationship of food to the well-being of the body.
O
Obesity - Having an excessive amount of body fat. A person is considered obese if he or she has a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or greater.
Oleylethanolamine (OEA) - A fatty acid found in some foods that sends a strong signal to the brain to stop eating. A powerful satiety factor and appetite suppressant.
Opiate - Pain-killing drug chemically related to opium; also called a narcotic (see Narcotics).
Orthopedic Surgeon - A doctor who specializes in diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Osteoarthritis - A slow degeneration of the joints that connect your bones and allow you to move. Aging, injury, poor posture and excess weight can cause joints to wear down and become stiff and painful. Also called "degenerative arthritis" mostly affecting middle-aged and elderly men and women. In some, osteoarthritis may affect the spine's facet joints, making it extremely painful to bend or twist. Osteoarthritis causes the cartilage to break down and away from the joints. Stripped of their protective material, the joints begin rubbing against each other, causing pain and impeding movement. This action further irritates the surrounding nerves. Advanced forms of spinal osteoarthritis lead to disc collapse and other problems.
Osteopathic Medicine - Particular attention is paid to muscles, joints, bones, and nerves through defined osteopathic manipulations.
Osteoporosis - A disease characterized by the loss of bone density, resulting in brittleness; most commonly affecting the spinal vertebrae, wrists and hips.
Osteophytes - Additional bone material, or overgrowths, that have been attributed to a wide variety of ailments. Also called bone spurs, osteophytes are manufactured by your body in response to a breakdown in existing bony structures. Sometimes, bone spurs can exert pressure on nerves, and this leads to pain.
Overload Principle - Strength training term that refers to the phenomenon that muscles only grow in strength if they are pushed to near maximum effort - overloaded.
Overuse Injuries - Injuries that occur during the course of everyday activities, such as housework or exercise. Symptoms may include pain, muscle spasms, and stiffness.
Overweight - Carrying too much body fat. (see Obesity)
P
Pain - Physical pain is a symptom in the body that something may be wrong, an alarm for the body. Traditional methods of treatment usually look at ridding the body of symptoms, but not the cause of the symptoms. This is similar to if your "check engine light" comes on in your car and you put a piece of tape over it so you cannot see the warning…the problem does not disappear simply because you don’t see the warning light. To the contrary, it can get much worse, and do terrible permanent damage. Likewise with your body, except your body is not replaceable.
Pancreas - A gland that makes enzymes that help the body break down and use nutrients in food. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, releasing these into the bloodstream to help the body control blood sugar levels.
Palpation - Examining the spine with your fingers; the art of feeling with the hand.
Paresthesia - Abnormal or loss of normal sensation.
Parasympathetic - Literally means around (para) the sympathetic; refers to the parasympathetic nervous system, a division of the autonomic nervous system; responsible for the regulation of body systems.
Pedometer - A small device that counts each step taken, total distance walked, or other related measures. It is usually worn on the waistband or in a pocket.
Pelvic Deficiency (P.D.) - A condition that proponents of Activator Methods define as an "apparent" difference in leg-length, not an anatomical difference. Also called "functional short leg."
Phenylethanolamine (PEA) - A chemical found in chocolate that elevates mood. It is thought to be the compound that causes chocolate cravings.
Physical Activity - Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc.
Physical Fitness - The measure of a person's ability to perform physical activities that require endurance, strength, or flexibility and is determined by a combination of regular activity and genetically inherited ability.
Physical Therapy - Form of treatment using physical modalities (equipment) to alleviate pain and suffering by treating pain in muscles, nerves, joints, and bones with exercise, electrical stimulation, hydrotherapy, and the use of massage, heat, cold, and electrical devices.
Pinched Nerves - Laymen's term for pain perceived to be coming from the back or spine; physically difficult to "pinch" the nerve.
Piriformis Syndrome - A condition caused by the sciatic nerve getting pinched as it exits the spinal column. (Sometimes, it can mimic the symptoms of sciatica.) The pinching is sometimes caused by muscles spasms. Piriformis syndrome sometimes causes pain along the back of the thigh to the knee, or loss of feeling in the soles of the feet.
Plantar Fasciitis - Inflammation of the ligament running from the front of the heel bone through the bottom of the foot. Repetitive motions such as quick stops and starts during sports, or long distance running, have sometimes been associated with Plantar fasciitis.
Plasticity - Tissue that is capable of being formed or shaped. This is a term used to describe developmental changes in the nervous system.
Polyunsaturated Fat - A highly unsaturated fat that is liquid at room temperature. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fats are found in greatest amounts in corn, soybean, and safflower oils, and many types of nuts. They have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess.
Preventative Care - Care rendered to existing patient; designed to prevent a condition from worsening and/or returning; necessary care usually due to a persistent weakness or permanent impairment.
Primary Contact Health Care Provider - Any health care provider capable of providing first level contact and intake into the health delivery system, (b) any health care provider licensed to receive patient contact in the absence of physician referral.
Proprioceptors - Sensory nerve terminals which give information concerning movements and position of the body; they occur chiefly in the muscles, tendons, and the labyrinth.
Protein - One of the three nutrients that provides calories to the body. Protein is an essential nutrient that helps build many parts of the body, including muscle, bone, skin, and blood. Protein provides 4 calories per gram and is found in foods like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.
Q
Qi gong (pronounced “chee-GUNGâ€) – One practice of traditional Chinese medicine that combines movement, meditation and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (ancient terminology, describes ones life energy). Today known to improve blood circulation and enhance the body's natural ability to resist illness. As with any exercise, increased range of motion is also a benefit.
Quality of life – An important consideration of medical care, quality of life refers to the patient's ability to enjoy normal life functions and activities. Some treatments and procedures can provide some benefits while others can greatly enhance the quality of life.
R
Radiograph - Proper term for an x-ray film after it has been exposed to radiation (x-ray).
Radiolucent - An object/item/mass that appears on a radiograph that allows the x-ray to pass through it when in normal circumstances it would not. (e.g., a bone that does not look as dense as the bones around it.
Radiopaque - An object/item/mass that appears on a radiograph that does not allow the x-ray to pass through it when in normal circumstances it would, (e.g. a bone that looks more dense than the bones around it)
Range of Motion - The range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which a joint may be moved.
Realign (Chriropractic Definition) - To return subluxated vertebrae to a more near normal position.
Receptor - A nerve cell that receives specific sensory information in the nervous system.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - The level of dietary intake of essential nutrients considered to be sufficient to meet the minimum nutritional needs of most healthy individuals.
Relaxation Techniques - A natural process that can be learned by anyone to reverse the effects of stress on the body's physiology. Methods used to lessen tension, reduce anxiety, and manage pain.
Repetitions or "Reps" - Refers to a single full execution of an exercise movement. For example, one repetition of a push-up involves beginning with your arms straight, lowering your body to the floor and returning to the starting position. The number of repetitions you perform of a particular exercise will determine the type of benefit to your muscles. Higher weights with lower repetitions will increase strength. Lower weights with higher repetitions will increase endurance.
Routine - This term encompasses virtually every aspect of what you do in an exercise session, including: the exercises, reps and sets you do of strength training, aerobic conditioning, the order in which you perform the exercises, the length of time spent. To keep workouts interesting, many people change their routine from time to time. Your routine is also referred to as your "program" or your "workout."
Rheumatoid Arthritis - An inflammatory disease that affects the facet joints in the spine as well as other joints in the body including the hands, elbows, shoulders, fingers and toes.
Ruptured Disk - Herniated disk where material from the disk pushes through the outer lining of the disk.
S
Sacrum - The triangular shaped bone located just below the Lowest Lumbar vertebrae (L5), formed usually by five fused vertebrae (sacral vertebrae) that are wedged dorsally between the left and right illiums.
Satiety - A mechanism to tell the body that it has had enough food. The most important satiety compounds are the hormone leptin and the fatty acid oleylethanolamine (OEA).
Saturated Fat - A fat that is solid at room temperature. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Saturated fat is found in high-fat dairy products (like cheese, whole milk, cream, butter, and regular ice cream), fatty fresh and processed meats, the skin and fat of chicken and turkey, lard, palm oil, and coconut oil. They have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Eating a diet high in saturated fat also raises blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
Sciatic Nerve - The nerve that serves the legs and originates from several levels of the lower back. Formed by multiple nerve roots from the lumbar spine; the sciatic nerve sends signals down the leg to control muscles and up the leg to provide sensations.
Sciatica - An inflammation of the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in your body. It runs from your lower spine, through your buttocks, then into your leg and foot. There are actually two (2) sciatic nerves, one in each leg. When the sciatic nerve is inflamed, it can cause numbness, tingling, pain or weakness in your lower back and leg.
Scoliosis - Scoliosis is an abnormal, curvature of the spine. Scoliosis has many causes; some due to injury while others are inherited. One common reason for scoliosis is abnormal development of the vertebra in the spine. The most common form of scoliosis is an abnormal pattern of muscle and ligament growth as a teenager grows in height.
Doctors of Chiropractic are trained to recognize scoliosis or the potential for developing scoliosis. With early detection, chiropractic treatment can correct many cases of scoliosis.
If you or your child have been diagnosed or think you may have scoliosis, consult a Doctor of Chiropractic for evaluation.
Scope of Practice - The legal definition of the activities that a profession can or cannot do.
Sedentary - A person who engages in little to no leisure-time physical activity.
Sensory - The "feeling" portion of a nerve; as opposed to motor .
Serotonin - A neurotransmitter in the brain that elevates mood and decreases appetite.
Set - A set is a group of repetitions that you perform without rest. For example, if you do ten repetitions of a bench press and then place the bar back on the rack and rest, you have just completed one set. For strength training, most people do three sets of a particular exercise, 10 - 15 repetitions in each set, and a one minute rest between each set.
Slipped Disk - Herniated disk where material from the disk pushes through the outer lining of the disk (see Disc Herniation).
Somato-Visceral - Nerve pathways originating in the spinal cord and communicating with the internal organs.
Spina Bifida - A congenital defect of the spine in which the arches of the lower lumbar spine fail to form over the spinal cord, leaving the cord unprotected.
Spinal "Adjustment" - A chiropractic term that most chiropractors use to describe whatever method(s) they use to correct spinal problems, whether by hand or with an instrument.
Spinal Analysis - The comprehensive process of evaluating the spinal column and its immediate articulations for vertebral subluxations and contraindications to any or all chiropractic procedures.
Spinal Canal - The opening at the center of the spine through which the spinal cord runs.
Spinal Cord - The root section of the central nervous system going down from the brain through the spinal column, where it divides into nerves.
Spinal Column - The spine.
Spinal Fracture - Broken vertebrae in the spine.
Spinal Fusion - A process in which the disc and cartilage is removed from between the vertebrae, and bone grafts (often harvested from the pelvis) are placed between or alongside the vertebrae to join the bones together.
Spinal Nerves - 24 pairs of nerves exiting from the spinal cord at segmental levels of the spinal column.
Spinous Process - A posterior protruding part of the spinal bone that can be seen or felt when examining the spine.
Spinal Stenosis - A narrowing of the spinal canal, that compresses the spinal cord and/or the nerve roots, cutting off their impulses to the muscles of the leg.
